The Effectiveness of Career Empowerment Based on Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory on Future Orientation and Entrepreneurial Attitude among Ninth-Grade Students
Keywords:
Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory, Future Orientation, Entrepreneurial AttitudeAbstract
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a career empowerment program based on Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory in improving future orientation and entrepreneurial attitude among ninth-grade students. A quasi-experimental design with pretest, posttest, and two-month follow-up assessments and a control group was employed. The statistical population consisted of male ninth-grade students in District 7 of Tehran during the 2024–2025 academic year. Thirty students were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 participants in each group). The experimental group participated in a six-session, 90-minute career empowerment intervention grounded in Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory, whereas the control group received no intervention. Data were collected using the Future Orientation Questionnaire developed by Steinberg et al. and the Entrepreneurial Attitude Questionnaire developed by Robinson et al. Repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for data analysis. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant effects of group, time, and group × time interaction on future orientation, entrepreneurial attitude, and all related dimensions (p < .01). Bonferroni comparisons demonstrated significantly higher scores in the experimental group than in the control group for overall future orientation (MD = 6.40, p < .01) and entrepreneurial attitude (MD = 34.95, p < .01). The observed improvements remained stable at the two-month follow-up assessment, indicating the durability of intervention effects. Career empowerment training based on Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory effectively enhanced students’ future orientation and entrepreneurial attitude. The findings support the integration of learning-based career counseling interventions into school guidance programs to strengthen future planning, self-efficacy, entrepreneurial readiness, and adaptive career development among adolescents.
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